Adult patients aged 18 years or older diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) identified from Denmark, Finland, Germany, Israel, Japan, Norway, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, and the United Kingdom. The study population consisted of 3 sub-cohorts included patients with empagliflozin use, any SGLT-2 inhibitor use, and any DPP-4 inhibitor use.
Inclusion criteria:
- Dispensation or any other record of empagliflozin, any SGLT2i, or any DPP4i use during the study period,
- No dispensation or any other record of any other SGLT2i or DPP4i use during the 12 months preceding the index date, and
- Having a diagnosis of T2DM before the index date, based on codes from the 10th revision (ICD-10) of the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) or other available data.
- For the Nordic countries, history of metformin prescription at any time in the past was also an additional inclusion criterion.
Exclusion criteria:
- Aged <18 years on the first dispensation date or date of the first record of empagliflozin, any SGLT2i or any DPP-4 inhibitor use,
- Pre-existing diagnosis of T1DM during the 12 months before the index date,
- Pre-existing diagnosis of secondary diabetes or gestational diabetes in the 12 months prior to the index date
- Having a diagnosis of ESRD during the 12 months before the index date,
- <12 months of available data before the index date (less than 6 months for Germany), and/or no complete history of drug dispensations/other records of
drug use during this period, or missing or ambiguous data on age or sex